Principles and application of light, phase contrast, Fluorescence, scanning and Transmission electron microscopy. Cytophotometry; Gel filtration; HPLC, Ultracentrifugation; X-ray diffraction; Fluorimetry; spectroscopy (UV, DRD/CD, visible, NMR, ESR, Atomic absorption and plasma emission); Principles and application of tracer techniques in biology, Liquid scientillation spectrometry.

Structure of carbohydrates, Polysaccharides, Glycoproteins, Peptidoglycans, cell wall polysaccharides; structure of aminoacids and proteins, forces involved, Ramachandran Plot. Structure of Purine, Pyrimidine bases, Nucleotides, DNA, different types of RNA and Vitamins.

Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Aminoacids, lipids, and Nucleic acids, Respiratory chain, oxidative phosphoerylation, free energy change; coupled reactions; Biological energy transducers; High energy compounds and group transfer potentials; Bio energetics.

Enzyme kinetics; Regulation of enzyme activity, coenzymes; Activators/inhibitors, isoenzymes; Mechanism of enzyme action.

Disorders of carbohydrate, Fat and Nitrogen, Metabolisms, Laboratory Diagnosis, Liver and Kidney function tests; Blood coagulation disorders; Inborn errors of metabolism.

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Structures and organization of membranes, hormones - structure, function and its role in signal transduction, Neurotranmitters; Transport across Membranes.

Classification of Micro-organisms - Viruses, bacteria, Fungi, Yeast; Basic principles of Bioprocess technology. Fermentation products - ethanol, glycerol, lactic acid, acetone, riboflavin, vitamin B12 and Penicillin, Preparation of media to culture micro-organisms, Soil microbiology; use of micro organisms in sewage treatment.

Prokaryotic and Kukaryotic cell structure; Eukaryotic genome organisation; cell cycle, Replication, Transcription, Tranlation and Regulation of Gene Expression; Lysogency and Lytic cycles in bacteriophages; bacterial transformation; transduction; conjugation and complementation; principles of Genetic - engineering - Enzymes, vectors, C DNA and Genomic Libracy construction; Screening of Libraries; Western, Northern and Southern blotting; Agarose Gel and SDS PAGE Electrophoresis; Dot Blot analysis; DNA sequencing methods; Autoradiography; Transgene technology; PCR and its application; RFLP, RAPD; Molecular Pathogenesis of Cancer.

Antigens, Immunoglobulines, T and B Lymphocytes and their characte rization; monpo - lonal antibodies; Accessory cells - Macrophages and Dendritic cells; Purification of immunologlobulins: Ion exchange and affinity chromatography; Enzyme Linked Immunoabsorbant Assay, vaccines; Hypersensitive actions; Auto immunity, Antibody engineering; Antigen Presentation; Radio immunoassay.

Primary cultures derived from plant, animal and human tissues, Maintenance of cell lines; Artificial Insemination technology; Callus culture; Somaclonal Variation; Micropropagation; somatic embryogenesis; protoplast fusion; artificial seeds.